Criminal Justice - 1385 Words

Criminal Justice Trends Criminal justice Criminal Justice Trends Criminal justice field is growing every day. It grows with the help of technology and society. When the technology evolves and society grows the criminal justice has to evolve and grow to fit the society needs. Whether it is an easy or hard change the criminal justice system never fails us. With any state the criminal justice system is to protect and serve the community so the more it evolves the more the system has to. The following paper discusses the past and future trends that connect the societies and the criminal justice system. This paper also discusses how the influential the trends effect the surroundings society. It also talks about the recent and future†¦show more content†¦The future of the criminal justice trends are promising because there will always be need for the criminal justice. The more the community works with the criminal justice system the more technology one can come up with to help make the world safe. Contemporary Issue The major contemporary issue that the criminal justice is facing is trying to keep up with the latest technology that has been created or found. They have to prepare them whole system for what has changed. They also have to train those that do not know what it is about. This can be very time consuming. Trends are like fads they are changing every day. They can get caught up just to have to learn the next trend. This makes it difficult for the criminal justice system to keep up with the daily trends of the community. The criminals of today’s society find new ways to go around the criminal justice system. Then they CJS has to find that loop whole and cover it so it won’t happen again. The more that the rules change the harder it is for the CJS to catch the criminal because of the freedom rules. By the time the CJS has caught up with the criminal’s trends they may have moved on and created another one. There are many differences and similarities to the past present and future trends. The more we evolve the more we need the criminal justice system. There is not a day that goes by that there is not some type of crime in theShow MoreRelatedCommunity Justice And Criminal Justice980 Words   |  4 PagesCommunity justice is a broad term that includes many aspects of involving the community. The main goal is to enhance the lives within the community through the creation of problem solving strategies and strengthening the standards within the community by restoring victim’s quality of life, and reintegrating offenders of crimes. Although community justice can be traced back hundreds of years. The model is still considered a nontraditional approach in today’s criminal justice sector. Due to its broadRead MoreJustice And The Criminal Justice System Essay1918 Words   |  8 PagesWhen it comes to the criminal justice system, there is often a gray area between what is conside red fair and what is just, with these concepts many times having a connection. Furthermore, justice and fairness are subjective and many times individuals’ concept of what is fair or just differ. Throughout a recent court case involving a Stanford University swimmer being charged with rape, that issue became well evident. This case involved a Stanford student, Brock Turner, being charged with sexuallyRead MoreCriminal Justice1258 Words   |  6 Pagespunishment. 5. Solitary confinement is economical. The Quakers are the ones that actually formed these ideas, due to the fact they wanted more human treatment for criminals. I believe that the five principles were implemented due to the kind of treatment that the criminals were getting at that time period. â€Å"Until the late 1700s, criminals were put to death, shipped to other countries to become slaves, and were thrown to wild animals just so society could literally get rid of them.† (http://voicesRead MoreThe On The Criminal Justice System984 Words   |  4 PagesGarland (2001), view on â€Å"the criminal justice system in America was created to keep communities safe, to respect and restore victims, and to return offenders who leave prison to be self-sufficient and law-abiding. Treatment simply did not work either by therapy or broader social programs and became is a monumental failure that our states and nation can no longer afford† (p.61) Garland (2001) stated â€Å"that the collapse of faith in our correction system began a wave of demoralization that underminedRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System720 Words   |  3 Pagesrole in the courts, compared to the accused or offender (Booth, 2016). Victim-focused law reforms are open to many jurisdictions throughout Australia, and majority of systems which follow the adversarial nature of proceedings (Garkawe, 2007). The justice system aims to enforce a therapeutic structure, however, in some instances this fails to be upheld for the victim. In a sentencing hearing, an offender’s mitigating factors may reduce their sentence, therefore providing the offender with more rehabilitativeRead MoreCriminal Justice Majors1105 Words   |  5 PagesContrary to popular belief the life of a criminal justice major is not all about being a hardboiled cop or a living a black and white noir film, there is actually quite a bit of disciplinary literacy in the background. People looki ng forward to a career in criminal justice should be able to write up investigation reports, reports to be used in trials, and documents relating to various types of criminal offenders. For a bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice 120 credits including some general electiveRead MoreCriminal Justice System1524 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Criminal Justice System is to reduce the crime and the fire of crime. In order to achieve this it is using different agencies and the major of them are the Police, Prosecution, Courts, Prisons and Probation. They all are operating in synchrony for achieving their legal responsibilities and particularly for reducing the level of crime. The aim of this essay specifically is to discuss the functions of the police and how they actually fit with the objectives of the Criminal Justice System asRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of the criminal justice system is explained by three definitions: Control crime, Prevent crime, and provide and maintain justice. This sense of criminal justice has been the same since pre-civilized communities, where the elders of a tribe enforced the laws of the vill age. The criminal justice system has changed drastically from the times of kinship systems to today’s system of laws. As time has passed criminal justice has change in many ways, for example: the way they dress, arrest,Read MoreCriminal Justice Essay598 Words   |  3 Pageslaws being put into the law books that help victims when violated, the courts are still not looking out for those individuals who have in fact be victimized. â€Å"Advocates for victims’ rights have long complained that they have been sidelined by a criminal justice system that is focused on the interplay between the state and the defendant†. (Boland amp; Butler, 2009)This statement alone dictates how the system actually works when it comes to the victim in court. Most individuals lose sight that thereRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1305 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout this course, I have learned about the many segments of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is made up of three main elements which process a case from initiation, through trial, to punishment. First a case starts with law enforcement officials, who investigate crime and gather evidence to identify and use against the assumed suspect. The case then proceeds to the court system, which evaluates the evidence to decide if the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the defendant

Culture and Economy of Tanzania Free Essays

string(223) " their culture that is why after all these years they are still famous for their astonishing dancing traditions, dressing styles, diverse nation, numerous tribes and languages and lastly their strength to be a single unit\." In studying a nation, different factors and aspects have to be well examined: history, geography, people, government, culture, economy, education, and environment of that country. In our case, restrictions of time and effort imply confining to some issues, namely culture and economy. Tanzania is a nation where religion, culture, history and traditions vary differently when compared to others especially in its culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture and Economy of Tanzania or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tanzania has originated from two countries, Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which were two independent nations that were granted independence by Britain.However, in the 1900’s they decided to unite again. Tanzania’s diverse culture is the result of the different influences that have taken over the country all the way from the Portuguese, British, Germans, and the Arabs. Since Tanzania is a government republic it is known as The United Republic of Tanzania. Tanzania’s official language is Swahili; their second language is English, and Arabic is also widely spoken in Zanzibar. In Tanzania there are 30% Christians and 35% Muslims and the other 35% are of different beliefs. However, in Zanzibar it is the opposite where 99% of the people are entirely Muslims. (Landers and Grossman) Religion freedom is a good feature in Tanzania since many of the world’s religion has played an important role in shaping the nation’s history. (Advameg) It is estimated that Tanzania has a total of 120 ethnic groups speaking the four major African languages which include â€Å"Khoisan† the click speaking group, Maasai, Cushitic and the Bantu. â€Å"The largest ethnic groups include the Sukuma (over three million), and the Chagga ,Haya and Nyamwezi (over one million each). (Advameg) Ethnic groups vary the same way religion does where 99% are African and the other 1% consists of Asians, Arabs and Europeans. (Landers Grossman) The Maasai are popular for their dressing style. Men cover their bodies by putting a toga drape and carry weapons such as spears and large knives, while women heavily accessorize themselves with jewelry all the way from their necks t o their ears, arms and legs. The people of the Makonde tribe are known for tattooing their faces and bodies in such a way that their tattoos resemble human struggles, love, passion, and conflict, yet all of which are attractive to the eyes.Those who reside next to the coast and islands are known to paint their feet, lips, hands and nails with henna on certain occasions. (The Tanzania National Website) Tanzania’s music and theater was greatly influenced, or one can say originated by the indigenous tribes such as the Arab influence from Zanzibar, and Indian influence from Asia. Dancing is an important practice in the lives of Tanzanians. It is not only an expressed emotion of happiness that is shown during celebrations and traditional ceremonies, but also a part of their daily lives! Nonetheless, the traditional dancing styles vary from one tribe to another.For instance, the â€Å"Makindo† vibrate the lower part of their bodies while dancing to their â€Å"Sindimba† dance and the â€Å"Massa i† leap while dancing and singing in their deep voices. The â€Å"Sukuama† involve the embracing of pythons while dancing to their â€Å"Bugobogobo† dance. The â€Å"Zaramo† tribe bounces while dancing to their â€Å"Muduniko† dance. (The Tanzania National Website) The simplest things done by the Tanzania’s show that they are truly people who happen to live their lives differently when it comes to their ways of greetings, communication style, eye contact, personal space, taboos, law and order, etc.The way Tanzanian people greet is quite different from t how we are accustomed to see as part of our societies. When men greet each other, a handshake would be the proper way to do so. When continuing their conversation by a leisurely walk in public, it is acceptable to hold each other’s hand as that will not be understood or interpreted in a wrong way by the surrounding others. (Landers and Grossman) In contrast to the West, men who walk together holding hands in public are thought to be homosexuals.However, greeting between women only include a handshake and/or a bow. As a way of respect to the person that is being greeted, some place their left hand over their right elbow when bowing or handshaking. With respect to greeting between women and men, especially if their religion is Islam, a handshake is not the appropriate thing to do, so instead they bow. Conversely, in other religions, a handshake or a bow is not an issue. To the Tanzanians, greeting is an important part of their culture, and they are often very lengthy that they last more than five minutes.When greeting people, it should always be done by the right hand; the use of the left hand is not favored among the Tanzanians especially during eating, handing something to someone or touching someone: this all should be done with the use of the right hand. Not everyone follows such a guiding principle but most of them do. (Landers and Grossman) The rural areas slightly differ than the urban areas in Tanzania, especially when it comes to following strict rules of what is acceptable and what is not, and the importance of norms. In rural areas, it is unacceptable for a woman to walk around with shorts or even pants, since it is expected from them to dress in a proper manner such as skirts that are below the knees and shirts that are with sleeves. Men, similarly, are not allowed to wear short pants or even braid their hair because it means they are homosexuals, and homosexuality is something not acceptable or tolerable in their society. (Landers and Grossman) The Tanzanian culture is wide and interesting and in order to discuss and explain its different aspects, more than just a few paragraphs are needed to sum it all up.Like all other cultures, the Tanzanian culture is indeed a unique one where people don’t only practice certain traditions and norms among each other, but they are also able to hold on to these traditions and practice them throughout the years. The Tanzanians have a great sense of attachment to their culture that is why after all these years they are still famous for their astonishing d ancing traditions, dressing styles, diverse nation, numerous tribes and languages and lastly their strength to be a single unit. You read "Culture and Economy of Tanzania" in category "Papers"To widen our understanding of life in Tanzania, let’s have a look at the economy and economic policies in that country. After a few years of hesitant, unclear economic policy, independent Tanzania adopted a social path to development. This was clearly defined in the Arusha Declaration made by the then president Julius Nyerere. â€Å"The broad vision is that of a society composed of peasant farmers living together and cooperating in the pursuit of their daily economic and other activities† (Mohiddin 92) in ujamaa villages.Immediately after the declaration, a series of nationalization measures were issued. By 1977 all other necessary measures had been taken. â€Å"More than nine-tenth of the rural population lived in ujamaa villages and the commercial and industrial sectors of the economy were under effective government direction, if not control and ownership. † (Mohiddin 166) More than a decade involving several unsuccessful economic plans were sufficient to convince the government of the inefficiency of the adopted policy in achieving development.Some of the discrepancies of these plans were: â€Å"[perpetuating] the inequality in urban and rural incomes- urban incomes were between five and six tim es rural ones- which helped further to diminish agricultural incentive† (Yeager 81), â€Å"[failing] to develop an industrial strategy compatible with the larger objectives of socialism and self reliance† (Yeager 81), â€Å"the national food supply could not be maintained for two straight years of poor weather without recourse to foreign purchases or aid† (Yeager 82), â€Å"aid dependency increased as agricultural productivity sagged and the trade and balance-of-payments situations worsened. (Yeager 82) Other defaults of the plan included that â€Å"rate of inflation had increased†¦ per capita food production dropped†¦ industrial production rose by less than 1 percent†¦ less than one month’s supply of foreign exchange remained on hand at any given time to cover necessary imports. † (Yeager 84) In addition to uncontrolled negative factors as drought or rise in price of imports and war with Uganda, a significant part of failure was attributed to workers’ neglect, the dissatisfaction of peasants at the villagization project, and the reluctance of capitalists (both local foreign) to invest in Tanzania.It was then necessary to adopt a new strategy and implement appropriate measures to deal with the situation and reverse the course. The new â€Å"strategy included such inducements as more consumer goods higher farm prices, some lower taxes, and increased private investment opportunities†¦ A kind of ideologically disciplined pragmatism has found its way into the Tanzanian policy process. †(Yeager 86) Gradually, the economy of Tanzania has been shifting towards capitalism.Since 1986, â€Å"significant measures have been taken to liberalize the Tanzanian economy along the market line†¦ [those measures] included a comprehensive package of policies which reduced the budget deficit and improved monetary control, substantially depreciated the overvalued exchange rate, liberalized the trade regime, removed most price controls, eased restrictions on the marketing of food crops, freed interest rate, and initialed a restructuring of the financial sector. † (Bureau of African Affairs) Overall, real GDP growth has averaged about 6% a year over the past seven years, higher than the annual average growth of less than 5% in the late 1990s, but not enough to significantly improve the lives of average Tanzanians. The economy remains overwhelmingly donor-dependent. † (Bureau of African Affairs) At the present, the main sector in Tanzanian economy is agriculture which provides about â€Å"27 percent of GDP, 85 percent of export, and employs 80 percent of work force.Topography and climatic conditions, however, limit cultivated crops to about 4% of the land area. † (CIA) The main agricultural products include: â€Å"coffee, cotton, tea, tobacco, cloves, sisal, cashew nuts, maize, live stock, sugar cane, paddy and wheat. † (Bureau of African Affairs) Industry in Tanzania, one of the smallest in Africa (Bureau of African Affairs), contributed to about â€Å"22. 6 percent of GDP and amounted to 22. 4 billion dollars in 2009. (CIA) The main industrial activities include â€Å"textiles, agro processing, light manufacturing, construction, steel, aluminum, paint, cement, cooking oil, mineral water, and soft drinks†¦ Tanzania’s manufacturing sector targets primarily the domestic market, with limited exports of manufactured goods. Most of the industry is concentrated in Dar Es-Salam. † (Bureau of African Affairs) The industry suffered a lot from persistent power shortages caused by low rainfall.The sector of services provides 50% of GDP (CIA) and includes â€Å"tourism services, communication, construction, insurance, financial, computer, information, government royalties, personal and other businesses. † (Bureau of African Affairs) Tourism, in particular, is a promising sector in Tanzanian economy, because there are dozens of beautiful national parks including the world famous Serengeti and Ngorongoro Conservative Area. To this, Tanzania has the great lakes of Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika. Also in Tanzania, the highest peak, Mount Kilimanjaro, is situated. So are the Kalambo Falls. Tanzanian exports, which amounted to $2. 74 billion in 2009 included â€Å"coffee, cotton, tea, sisal, cashew nuts, tobacco, cut flowers, seaweed, cloves, fish and fish products, minerals (diamonds, gold, and gemstones), manufactured goods, horticultural products† (Bureau of African Affairs) and services of different categories. The major importers of Tanzanian exports are â€Å"U. K. , Germany, India, Japan, Italy, China, Bahrain, Malaysia, South Korea, Thailand, Pakistan, [and] Indonesia. † (Bureau of African Affairs)The imports of Tanzania are mainly â€Å"petroleum, consumer goods, machinery and transport equipment, used clothing, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. † (Bureau of African Affairs) Those are imported from â€Å"U. K. , Germany, Japan, India, Italy, U. S. , United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Africa, [and] Kenya. † (Bureau of African Affairs) The natural resources in Tanzania are varied and include â€Å"hydroelectric potential, coal, iron, gemstones, gold, nickel, diamonds, crude oil potential, forest products, wildlife, [and] fisheries. (Bureau of African Affairs) The following data may further expand our understanding of the state of the Tanzanian economy. The labor force is distributed as follows: â€Å"80% in agriculture, 20% in industry and services. † (CIA) People below poverty line were estimated at 36% in 2002. (CIA) Finally, it must be noted that in spite of the progress attained, still much has to be done to utilize the potential capabilities of Tanzanian economy and consequently enhance the Tanzanian’s well being and luxury.A country with a profound economy and culture is worthy of respect and appreciation both on material and moral levels.Bibliography: Advameg Inc. â€Å"Culture of Tanzania. † Advameg Inc website. 27 11 2010 . Michael Landers Lisa Grossman. â€Å"Tanzania. † Culture Crossing. 27 11 2010 . The Tanzania National Website. â€Å"Culture and Traditions. † The Tanzania National Website. 27 11 2010 . Yeager, Rodger. Tanzania: An African Experiment. Gower, UK: Westview, 1982. Print. How to cite Culture and Economy of Tanzania, Papers

Professor Notes about the Program Planning - Delivering - and Finalizing

Question: Describe about the Program Planning, Delivering, and Finalising? Answer: A Program Management base organisation is where the organisation has undertaken a group of projects that will be managed in a coordinated way to get benefits however these projects cannot be individually managed as they are all linked to one another. These types of operational work are ongoing activities that produce repetitive outputs unlike anindividual project that is only short term activities (BusinessDictionary.com, 2015). business management with other frameworks different from these organisations as because of the need of the involvement of different job titles usually with different departments to manage the success of these projects. Management and allocation of tasks for the projects is done by the project manager to employees from the human resources, finance department, production, IT, administration along with marketing departments. It is needed all employees to work on their given tasks in a well organised and timely manner to reach the ultimate goals and objectives of the project. During, allocation of tasks, project manager needs to look at skills, time, and knowledge along with willingness concerned with employees related to each department. It is certain that, project manager to be marked as responsible for making scheduled interviews and meetings to keep eyes on the solution and progress of answer, queries, which have arisen and projects as well (Dfpni.gov.uk, 2015). Verities of projects are there to include a service, new product to be launched, or modification or to put a new information along with results into the system, changes to be brought to organisational structure or system, research to be done, work on construction, improvement of business procedures and processes. There are some long term and some are there individual projects which are merely temporary which goes on with benefits (Gcis.gov.za, 2015). Having a larger scope Program managers are able to provide much more benefits and they expect inside and outside changes of the program along with the development in program plans at high level with guided details. Program staffs are managed by the Program managers, and to provide vision and leadership as a whole, project managers always present there. Needs and benefits are the indexes used for the measurement of success of a project (Government of Alberta, 2015). Three types of available organisations are there which namely functional, project or matrix organisations. Hierarchy system is used by the Functional organisations to determine the authority level of each employee work in organisation. This should start with authority at highest level with CEO/chairman working with and it is not limited but can include to senior managers, senior supervisors, managers, employees and supervisor. Project managers may find it harder in this type of organisation due to the non-assignments of resources which causes lack of control over projects in hand. Resource allocation tasks are the foundation of the matrix organisation and authority over projects lies on the hand of project managers. Assignments of employees are done by the functional managers in a project while the project manager does the assignment of task to those assigned employees. Having full discretion over organisational resources in a project organisation, agenda and time, a project manager full authority does what is required to bring the best outcome of the projects. As a advantage of having less interference and conflict from other sources project organisation achieves accomplishments of its goals and objectives (Ipa.faa.gov, 2015). Such organisations like Coca-Cola Arnotts, Aldi, Amatil, Woolworths, Sony, Magnum and Samsung that launch products of different types. In the life cycle of products there are many processes and projects associated with the products. Many processes and projects are there to be done before the launch a product that needed to be undergone before it is ready to see as a final product and then it is ready to launch into the market. Time management, budget, resources, stakeholders, risk assessment, contingency plan, work breakdown structure, all these are needed in a project, in a logically sequenced order to show all purpose, milestones, of a project and what are the achievements, aimed by the organisation, Gantt chart, parameters, scope, project objectives such as results, goals, and outcomes (Literacy.kent.edu, 2015). in project management there are such roles, to perform, such as, project owner as an initiator and finances the project also, Being the executive responsible for the project, project sponsor plays an important role of owner, project manager manages the implementations of projects, project team is made by putting the employees together, who are responsible for undertaking tasks related to project, tasks are allocated to them, and last of all, the suppliers, company management and customers, clients are the stakeholders. Project team and project manager require organisational skills, budgeting skills, planning skills, problem solving, influencing, and negotiation, leading along with human resources and team building (Managementhelp.org, 2015). There is a life cycle in Project management which starts by doing planning followed by taking initiative, making plans, doing implementation, monitor and lastly close. Taking Initiative in project management stands the meaning of giving an explanation on aim, scope, purpose, deliverables of project in focus, scaling the duration of project, budget, which the organisation is able to provide for the project in concern, the authority level, people who are needed to be involved to make sure that the team can work effectively and progress checking of project time to time. Goals of a project are important facts to keep in focus, as this can state the actual output need to be achieved by the organisation. May be this is to improve or increase organisational profits, so that market share can come for the organisation in a large amount, to provide customer services properly, increment of efficiency, employee training improvement and to reduce carbon emissions. After achieving the goals, objec tives are achieved as outcome. Performance indicators are used to monitor progress of project .As a parameter every project is having location, money, time, and authority along with scope. Working right members in a team is very important before starting a project. As an effective there should be Making of better decisions, solving other issues and problems, resources should be used as in better way and being flexible in work. Identification of all external and internal stakeholders which are having interest in project in concern, will be those whom the project can affect, will be either positively or negatively influencing the project and sponsoring the project (Managementhelp.org, 2015). Project planning helps project manager in identification of what is needed to be done, who are needed for the involvement, the finalisation date of the project and needed funds which is going to be used. Without a proper explanation and not having good planning may lead the desired project objectives and goals not to meet. As an important part, sub parts plays an important role by making diagram on work breakdown structure, communications plan, Gantt chart along with contingency plan is included in plan of risk management. by bringing whole project together, project plan in detail covers all aspects. This is a nice way to assign resources, task, responsibilities, controlling and monitoring of the project by work breakdown structure which helps to give precise description and make the scope also in a organised, also an overview is given of a list of deliverables which are broken down to ensure not being repeated or missed. Once the team members are allocated as per the task, project m anagers should make it sure that they have understood given responsibilities fully about what they have asked to deal and what the other team members are responsible to do. Gantt chart is used to schedule the task according to their duration. Gantt chart shows name and type of task, employee name, work ID Number, duration is shown by the start and finish of the task. By identifying the hazards and threats Risk management shows harm in the project, next determination of impact is done, what if it was to happen, evaluation of the risk and making acceptance, by the contingency plan risk reduction measure is undertaken due to it helps for the preparation on these risks and other useful strategies must be identified to manage the risks. The risks types may include still not limited to budget, date of delivery, inspections and WHS requirements, what the customers expectations and system requirements will be. The plan of risk management is a documentation, which should be made and presente d by project manager to decide whether the risk should be avoided or accepted, mitigation of risk or to transfer the risk. The communications plan includes initiation meeting from beginning of the project to the end, project initiation plan distribution, the actual project start is called as kick-off, team meetings, sponsor meetings, status reports, and those minutes taken at every meeting (Omafra.gov.on.ca, 2015). Implementation of the project refers to the execution of the project plan, instructing the other team members, checking the project at every stage and making reports out of it. The kick-off meeting is the first meeting, which happens between the project team, and the clients. It ensures all the members have understood the ground elements of the project, clearing all the doubts. The projects should be properly monitored and all the new elements that come out should reach all the team members immediately. Problems are arise during the project, the project leaders must always evaluate the alternatives and be ready to implement whenever needed. A very helpful and corrective action should be implemented in organisations to resolve issues and problems such as, poor quality, customer complaints and an internal audit. Internal audit justifies customer satisfaction, escalated and resolved. Changes are a part of organisational, but the changes should be disseminated to all the members. Project status reports are given to all the stakeholders on a regular basis. Workplace coaching methods and techniques are used by the manager to maintain or improve each of the team members work performance (Planning, 2015). It is necessary to monitor the project so that the objectives are met and check whether the project is progressing or not. If the requirements of the project are not met and the project is not ready to give the decided results, then necessary action are recommended to be taken. The things that need to be monitored regularly in the project are costs, time, risks, communications and issues that may arise. The project manager can keep track of the progress at the assignment level, task level time, period progression or as total project. Without monitoring the project, it is impossible to decide whether the project is doing good or not. Milestones are the projects biggest deliverables such as completion of the analysis, design, documentation finalised and the system test plans. The key performance indicator needs to document properly; it is of much use for many further projects. Status reports tells about the present situation of the project and what is suppose to happen in the project n ext on and the issues that are being worked on. The status report is given to the stakeholders to give an overview of the projects progress and all current activities and tasks (Small Business - Chron.com, 2015). Closing the project claims the finishing of a project. This is the last stage of the project life cycle. The project report is a summary of the project delivered and any changes that has been made in the costs, scope, schedule or quality. At the end of the project the team is rewarded, the lessons learned are reviewed, issues that occurred and their solutions, release of project resources and a formal notification given to the higher management. The post implementation report is made at the end of the project. This shows the project sign-off, the lesson that were learned, management of the customers expectations, quality and cost management, skills of the team members and the project organisation structure. A final meeting is held to discuss the projects and the new points that came out newly. The learned lessons are discussed so that when new projects come the team is prepared to face it (Uleth.ca, 2015). In conclusion, program management have more authority over all the projects and then the project managers work on individual projects to meet project goals and objectives. For the projects to meet these outcomes it must go through various phases of the project life cycle which include implementing the project, planning it out, executing, monitoring and closing. There is a lot to be planned before the project can kick-off. The risk management plans, contingency plans, work breakdown structure, Gantt chart and status reports. With proper planning and monitoring all project goals and objectives will progress to a satisfactory project closure (Thecommunityguide.org, 2015). References Chan, K. (2013, June 30). Project Vs Program Management. Retrieved January 20, 2015, from OneDesk: https://www.onedesk.com/2013/06/project-vs-program-management/ Developing Project Management Expertise. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from Australian Public Service Commission: https://www.apsc.gov.au/learn/training-calendar/foundation-skills/developing-project-management-expertise Hearst Newspapers, L. (2015). Advantages Matrix Organizational Structure. Retrieved January 19, 2015, from Chron Small Business: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-matrix-organizational-structure-286.html Hearst Newspapers, L. (2015). Small Business. Retrieved January 27, 2015, from Chron: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-project-based-nonproject-based-organizations-34050.html Inc., U. S. (2014). WorkBreakdown Structure. Retrieved January 21, 2015, from Tenrox: https://glossary.tenrox.com/Work-Breakdown-Structure.htm Project Management. (n.d.). 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