Criminal Justice - 1385 Words

Criminal Justice Trends Criminal justice Criminal Justice Trends Criminal justice field is growing every day. It grows with the help of technology and society. When the technology evolves and society grows the criminal justice has to evolve and grow to fit the society needs. Whether it is an easy or hard change the criminal justice system never fails us. With any state the criminal justice system is to protect and serve the community so the more it evolves the more the system has to. The following paper discusses the past and future trends that connect the societies and the criminal justice system. This paper also discusses how the influential the trends effect the surroundings society. It also talks about the recent and future†¦show more content†¦The future of the criminal justice trends are promising because there will always be need for the criminal justice. The more the community works with the criminal justice system the more technology one can come up with to help make the world safe. Contemporary Issue The major contemporary issue that the criminal justice is facing is trying to keep up with the latest technology that has been created or found. They have to prepare them whole system for what has changed. They also have to train those that do not know what it is about. This can be very time consuming. Trends are like fads they are changing every day. They can get caught up just to have to learn the next trend. This makes it difficult for the criminal justice system to keep up with the daily trends of the community. The criminals of today’s society find new ways to go around the criminal justice system. Then they CJS has to find that loop whole and cover it so it won’t happen again. The more that the rules change the harder it is for the CJS to catch the criminal because of the freedom rules. By the time the CJS has caught up with the criminal’s trends they may have moved on and created another one. There are many differences and similarities to the past present and future trends. The more we evolve the more we need the criminal justice system. There is not a day that goes by that there is not some type of crime in theShow MoreRelatedCommunity Justice And Criminal Justice980 Words   |  4 PagesCommunity justice is a broad term that includes many aspects of involving the community. The main goal is to enhance the lives within the community through the creation of problem solving strategies and strengthening the standards within the community by restoring victim’s quality of life, and reintegrating offenders of crimes. Although community justice can be traced back hundreds of years. The model is still considered a nontraditional approach in today’s criminal justice sector. Due to its broadRead MoreJustice And The Criminal Justice System Essay1918 Words   |  8 PagesWhen it comes to the criminal justice system, there is often a gray area between what is conside red fair and what is just, with these concepts many times having a connection. Furthermore, justice and fairness are subjective and many times individuals’ concept of what is fair or just differ. Throughout a recent court case involving a Stanford University swimmer being charged with rape, that issue became well evident. This case involved a Stanford student, Brock Turner, being charged with sexuallyRead MoreCriminal Justice1258 Words   |  6 Pagespunishment. 5. Solitary confinement is economical. The Quakers are the ones that actually formed these ideas, due to the fact they wanted more human treatment for criminals. I believe that the five principles were implemented due to the kind of treatment that the criminals were getting at that time period. â€Å"Until the late 1700s, criminals were put to death, shipped to other countries to become slaves, and were thrown to wild animals just so society could literally get rid of them.† (http://voicesRead MoreThe On The Criminal Justice System984 Words   |  4 PagesGarland (2001), view on â€Å"the criminal justice system in America was created to keep communities safe, to respect and restore victims, and to return offenders who leave prison to be self-sufficient and law-abiding. Treatment simply did not work either by therapy or broader social programs and became is a monumental failure that our states and nation can no longer afford† (p.61) Garland (2001) stated â€Å"that the collapse of faith in our correction system began a wave of demoralization that underminedRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System720 Words   |  3 Pagesrole in the courts, compared to the accused or offender (Booth, 2016). Victim-focused law reforms are open to many jurisdictions throughout Australia, and majority of systems which follow the adversarial nature of proceedings (Garkawe, 2007). The justice system aims to enforce a therapeutic structure, however, in some instances this fails to be upheld for the victim. In a sentencing hearing, an offender’s mitigating factors may reduce their sentence, therefore providing the offender with more rehabilitativeRead MoreCriminal Justice Majors1105 Words   |  5 PagesContrary to popular belief the life of a criminal justice major is not all about being a hardboiled cop or a living a black and white noir film, there is actually quite a bit of disciplinary literacy in the background. People looki ng forward to a career in criminal justice should be able to write up investigation reports, reports to be used in trials, and documents relating to various types of criminal offenders. For a bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice 120 credits including some general electiveRead MoreCriminal Justice System1524 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Criminal Justice System is to reduce the crime and the fire of crime. In order to achieve this it is using different agencies and the major of them are the Police, Prosecution, Courts, Prisons and Probation. They all are operating in synchrony for achieving their legal responsibilities and particularly for reducing the level of crime. The aim of this essay specifically is to discuss the functions of the police and how they actually fit with the objectives of the Criminal Justice System asRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of the criminal justice system is explained by three definitions: Control crime, Prevent crime, and provide and maintain justice. This sense of criminal justice has been the same since pre-civilized communities, where the elders of a tribe enforced the laws of the vill age. The criminal justice system has changed drastically from the times of kinship systems to today’s system of laws. As time has passed criminal justice has change in many ways, for example: the way they dress, arrest,Read MoreCriminal Justice Essay598 Words   |  3 Pageslaws being put into the law books that help victims when violated, the courts are still not looking out for those individuals who have in fact be victimized. â€Å"Advocates for victims’ rights have long complained that they have been sidelined by a criminal justice system that is focused on the interplay between the state and the defendant†. (Boland amp; Butler, 2009)This statement alone dictates how the system actually works when it comes to the victim in court. Most individuals lose sight that thereRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1305 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout this course, I have learned about the many segments of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is made up of three main elements which process a case from initiation, through trial, to punishment. First a case starts with law enforcement officials, who investigate crime and gather evidence to identify and use against the assumed suspect. The case then proceeds to the court system, which evaluates the evidence to decide if the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the defendant

Culture and Economy of Tanzania Free Essays

string(223) " their culture that is why after all these years they are still famous for their astonishing dancing traditions, dressing styles, diverse nation, numerous tribes and languages and lastly their strength to be a single unit\." In studying a nation, different factors and aspects have to be well examined: history, geography, people, government, culture, economy, education, and environment of that country. In our case, restrictions of time and effort imply confining to some issues, namely culture and economy. Tanzania is a nation where religion, culture, history and traditions vary differently when compared to others especially in its culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture and Economy of Tanzania or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tanzania has originated from two countries, Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which were two independent nations that were granted independence by Britain.However, in the 1900’s they decided to unite again. Tanzania’s diverse culture is the result of the different influences that have taken over the country all the way from the Portuguese, British, Germans, and the Arabs. Since Tanzania is a government republic it is known as The United Republic of Tanzania. Tanzania’s official language is Swahili; their second language is English, and Arabic is also widely spoken in Zanzibar. In Tanzania there are 30% Christians and 35% Muslims and the other 35% are of different beliefs. However, in Zanzibar it is the opposite where 99% of the people are entirely Muslims. (Landers and Grossman) Religion freedom is a good feature in Tanzania since many of the world’s religion has played an important role in shaping the nation’s history. (Advameg) It is estimated that Tanzania has a total of 120 ethnic groups speaking the four major African languages which include â€Å"Khoisan† the click speaking group, Maasai, Cushitic and the Bantu. â€Å"The largest ethnic groups include the Sukuma (over three million), and the Chagga ,Haya and Nyamwezi (over one million each). (Advameg) Ethnic groups vary the same way religion does where 99% are African and the other 1% consists of Asians, Arabs and Europeans. (Landers Grossman) The Maasai are popular for their dressing style. Men cover their bodies by putting a toga drape and carry weapons such as spears and large knives, while women heavily accessorize themselves with jewelry all the way from their necks t o their ears, arms and legs. The people of the Makonde tribe are known for tattooing their faces and bodies in such a way that their tattoos resemble human struggles, love, passion, and conflict, yet all of which are attractive to the eyes.Those who reside next to the coast and islands are known to paint their feet, lips, hands and nails with henna on certain occasions. (The Tanzania National Website) Tanzania’s music and theater was greatly influenced, or one can say originated by the indigenous tribes such as the Arab influence from Zanzibar, and Indian influence from Asia. Dancing is an important practice in the lives of Tanzanians. It is not only an expressed emotion of happiness that is shown during celebrations and traditional ceremonies, but also a part of their daily lives! Nonetheless, the traditional dancing styles vary from one tribe to another.For instance, the â€Å"Makindo† vibrate the lower part of their bodies while dancing to their â€Å"Sindimba† dance and the â€Å"Massa i† leap while dancing and singing in their deep voices. The â€Å"Sukuama† involve the embracing of pythons while dancing to their â€Å"Bugobogobo† dance. The â€Å"Zaramo† tribe bounces while dancing to their â€Å"Muduniko† dance. (The Tanzania National Website) The simplest things done by the Tanzania’s show that they are truly people who happen to live their lives differently when it comes to their ways of greetings, communication style, eye contact, personal space, taboos, law and order, etc.The way Tanzanian people greet is quite different from t how we are accustomed to see as part of our societies. When men greet each other, a handshake would be the proper way to do so. When continuing their conversation by a leisurely walk in public, it is acceptable to hold each other’s hand as that will not be understood or interpreted in a wrong way by the surrounding others. (Landers and Grossman) In contrast to the West, men who walk together holding hands in public are thought to be homosexuals.However, greeting between women only include a handshake and/or a bow. As a way of respect to the person that is being greeted, some place their left hand over their right elbow when bowing or handshaking. With respect to greeting between women and men, especially if their religion is Islam, a handshake is not the appropriate thing to do, so instead they bow. Conversely, in other religions, a handshake or a bow is not an issue. To the Tanzanians, greeting is an important part of their culture, and they are often very lengthy that they last more than five minutes.When greeting people, it should always be done by the right hand; the use of the left hand is not favored among the Tanzanians especially during eating, handing something to someone or touching someone: this all should be done with the use of the right hand. Not everyone follows such a guiding principle but most of them do. (Landers and Grossman) The rural areas slightly differ than the urban areas in Tanzania, especially when it comes to following strict rules of what is acceptable and what is not, and the importance of norms. In rural areas, it is unacceptable for a woman to walk around with shorts or even pants, since it is expected from them to dress in a proper manner such as skirts that are below the knees and shirts that are with sleeves. Men, similarly, are not allowed to wear short pants or even braid their hair because it means they are homosexuals, and homosexuality is something not acceptable or tolerable in their society. (Landers and Grossman) The Tanzanian culture is wide and interesting and in order to discuss and explain its different aspects, more than just a few paragraphs are needed to sum it all up.Like all other cultures, the Tanzanian culture is indeed a unique one where people don’t only practice certain traditions and norms among each other, but they are also able to hold on to these traditions and practice them throughout the years. The Tanzanians have a great sense of attachment to their culture that is why after all these years they are still famous for their astonishing d ancing traditions, dressing styles, diverse nation, numerous tribes and languages and lastly their strength to be a single unit. You read "Culture and Economy of Tanzania" in category "Papers"To widen our understanding of life in Tanzania, let’s have a look at the economy and economic policies in that country. After a few years of hesitant, unclear economic policy, independent Tanzania adopted a social path to development. This was clearly defined in the Arusha Declaration made by the then president Julius Nyerere. â€Å"The broad vision is that of a society composed of peasant farmers living together and cooperating in the pursuit of their daily economic and other activities† (Mohiddin 92) in ujamaa villages.Immediately after the declaration, a series of nationalization measures were issued. By 1977 all other necessary measures had been taken. â€Å"More than nine-tenth of the rural population lived in ujamaa villages and the commercial and industrial sectors of the economy were under effective government direction, if not control and ownership. † (Mohiddin 166) More than a decade involving several unsuccessful economic plans were sufficient to convince the government of the inefficiency of the adopted policy in achieving development.Some of the discrepancies of these plans were: â€Å"[perpetuating] the inequality in urban and rural incomes- urban incomes were between five and six tim es rural ones- which helped further to diminish agricultural incentive† (Yeager 81), â€Å"[failing] to develop an industrial strategy compatible with the larger objectives of socialism and self reliance† (Yeager 81), â€Å"the national food supply could not be maintained for two straight years of poor weather without recourse to foreign purchases or aid† (Yeager 82), â€Å"aid dependency increased as agricultural productivity sagged and the trade and balance-of-payments situations worsened. (Yeager 82) Other defaults of the plan included that â€Å"rate of inflation had increased†¦ per capita food production dropped†¦ industrial production rose by less than 1 percent†¦ less than one month’s supply of foreign exchange remained on hand at any given time to cover necessary imports. † (Yeager 84) In addition to uncontrolled negative factors as drought or rise in price of imports and war with Uganda, a significant part of failure was attributed to workers’ neglect, the dissatisfaction of peasants at the villagization project, and the reluctance of capitalists (both local foreign) to invest in Tanzania.It was then necessary to adopt a new strategy and implement appropriate measures to deal with the situation and reverse the course. The new â€Å"strategy included such inducements as more consumer goods higher farm prices, some lower taxes, and increased private investment opportunities†¦ A kind of ideologically disciplined pragmatism has found its way into the Tanzanian policy process. †(Yeager 86) Gradually, the economy of Tanzania has been shifting towards capitalism.Since 1986, â€Å"significant measures have been taken to liberalize the Tanzanian economy along the market line†¦ [those measures] included a comprehensive package of policies which reduced the budget deficit and improved monetary control, substantially depreciated the overvalued exchange rate, liberalized the trade regime, removed most price controls, eased restrictions on the marketing of food crops, freed interest rate, and initialed a restructuring of the financial sector. † (Bureau of African Affairs) Overall, real GDP growth has averaged about 6% a year over the past seven years, higher than the annual average growth of less than 5% in the late 1990s, but not enough to significantly improve the lives of average Tanzanians. The economy remains overwhelmingly donor-dependent. † (Bureau of African Affairs) At the present, the main sector in Tanzanian economy is agriculture which provides about â€Å"27 percent of GDP, 85 percent of export, and employs 80 percent of work force.Topography and climatic conditions, however, limit cultivated crops to about 4% of the land area. † (CIA) The main agricultural products include: â€Å"coffee, cotton, tea, tobacco, cloves, sisal, cashew nuts, maize, live stock, sugar cane, paddy and wheat. † (Bureau of African Affairs) Industry in Tanzania, one of the smallest in Africa (Bureau of African Affairs), contributed to about â€Å"22. 6 percent of GDP and amounted to 22. 4 billion dollars in 2009. (CIA) The main industrial activities include â€Å"textiles, agro processing, light manufacturing, construction, steel, aluminum, paint, cement, cooking oil, mineral water, and soft drinks†¦ Tanzania’s manufacturing sector targets primarily the domestic market, with limited exports of manufactured goods. Most of the industry is concentrated in Dar Es-Salam. † (Bureau of African Affairs) The industry suffered a lot from persistent power shortages caused by low rainfall.The sector of services provides 50% of GDP (CIA) and includes â€Å"tourism services, communication, construction, insurance, financial, computer, information, government royalties, personal and other businesses. † (Bureau of African Affairs) Tourism, in particular, is a promising sector in Tanzanian economy, because there are dozens of beautiful national parks including the world famous Serengeti and Ngorongoro Conservative Area. To this, Tanzania has the great lakes of Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika. Also in Tanzania, the highest peak, Mount Kilimanjaro, is situated. So are the Kalambo Falls. Tanzanian exports, which amounted to $2. 74 billion in 2009 included â€Å"coffee, cotton, tea, sisal, cashew nuts, tobacco, cut flowers, seaweed, cloves, fish and fish products, minerals (diamonds, gold, and gemstones), manufactured goods, horticultural products† (Bureau of African Affairs) and services of different categories. The major importers of Tanzanian exports are â€Å"U. K. , Germany, India, Japan, Italy, China, Bahrain, Malaysia, South Korea, Thailand, Pakistan, [and] Indonesia. † (Bureau of African Affairs)The imports of Tanzania are mainly â€Å"petroleum, consumer goods, machinery and transport equipment, used clothing, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. † (Bureau of African Affairs) Those are imported from â€Å"U. K. , Germany, Japan, India, Italy, U. S. , United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Africa, [and] Kenya. † (Bureau of African Affairs) The natural resources in Tanzania are varied and include â€Å"hydroelectric potential, coal, iron, gemstones, gold, nickel, diamonds, crude oil potential, forest products, wildlife, [and] fisheries. (Bureau of African Affairs) The following data may further expand our understanding of the state of the Tanzanian economy. The labor force is distributed as follows: â€Å"80% in agriculture, 20% in industry and services. † (CIA) People below poverty line were estimated at 36% in 2002. (CIA) Finally, it must be noted that in spite of the progress attained, still much has to be done to utilize the potential capabilities of Tanzanian economy and consequently enhance the Tanzanian’s well being and luxury.A country with a profound economy and culture is worthy of respect and appreciation both on material and moral levels.Bibliography: Advameg Inc. â€Å"Culture of Tanzania. † Advameg Inc website. 27 11 2010 . Michael Landers Lisa Grossman. â€Å"Tanzania. † Culture Crossing. 27 11 2010 . The Tanzania National Website. â€Å"Culture and Traditions. † The Tanzania National Website. 27 11 2010 . Yeager, Rodger. Tanzania: An African Experiment. Gower, UK: Westview, 1982. Print. How to cite Culture and Economy of Tanzania, Papers

Professor Notes about the Program Planning - Delivering - and Finalizing

Question: Describe about the Program Planning, Delivering, and Finalising? Answer: A Program Management base organisation is where the organisation has undertaken a group of projects that will be managed in a coordinated way to get benefits however these projects cannot be individually managed as they are all linked to one another. These types of operational work are ongoing activities that produce repetitive outputs unlike anindividual project that is only short term activities (BusinessDictionary.com, 2015). business management with other frameworks different from these organisations as because of the need of the involvement of different job titles usually with different departments to manage the success of these projects. Management and allocation of tasks for the projects is done by the project manager to employees from the human resources, finance department, production, IT, administration along with marketing departments. It is needed all employees to work on their given tasks in a well organised and timely manner to reach the ultimate goals and objectives of the project. During, allocation of tasks, project manager needs to look at skills, time, and knowledge along with willingness concerned with employees related to each department. It is certain that, project manager to be marked as responsible for making scheduled interviews and meetings to keep eyes on the solution and progress of answer, queries, which have arisen and projects as well (Dfpni.gov.uk, 2015). Verities of projects are there to include a service, new product to be launched, or modification or to put a new information along with results into the system, changes to be brought to organisational structure or system, research to be done, work on construction, improvement of business procedures and processes. There are some long term and some are there individual projects which are merely temporary which goes on with benefits (Gcis.gov.za, 2015). Having a larger scope Program managers are able to provide much more benefits and they expect inside and outside changes of the program along with the development in program plans at high level with guided details. Program staffs are managed by the Program managers, and to provide vision and leadership as a whole, project managers always present there. Needs and benefits are the indexes used for the measurement of success of a project (Government of Alberta, 2015). Three types of available organisations are there which namely functional, project or matrix organisations. Hierarchy system is used by the Functional organisations to determine the authority level of each employee work in organisation. This should start with authority at highest level with CEO/chairman working with and it is not limited but can include to senior managers, senior supervisors, managers, employees and supervisor. Project managers may find it harder in this type of organisation due to the non-assignments of resources which causes lack of control over projects in hand. Resource allocation tasks are the foundation of the matrix organisation and authority over projects lies on the hand of project managers. Assignments of employees are done by the functional managers in a project while the project manager does the assignment of task to those assigned employees. Having full discretion over organisational resources in a project organisation, agenda and time, a project manager full authority does what is required to bring the best outcome of the projects. As a advantage of having less interference and conflict from other sources project organisation achieves accomplishments of its goals and objectives (Ipa.faa.gov, 2015). Such organisations like Coca-Cola Arnotts, Aldi, Amatil, Woolworths, Sony, Magnum and Samsung that launch products of different types. In the life cycle of products there are many processes and projects associated with the products. Many processes and projects are there to be done before the launch a product that needed to be undergone before it is ready to see as a final product and then it is ready to launch into the market. Time management, budget, resources, stakeholders, risk assessment, contingency plan, work breakdown structure, all these are needed in a project, in a logically sequenced order to show all purpose, milestones, of a project and what are the achievements, aimed by the organisation, Gantt chart, parameters, scope, project objectives such as results, goals, and outcomes (Literacy.kent.edu, 2015). in project management there are such roles, to perform, such as, project owner as an initiator and finances the project also, Being the executive responsible for the project, project sponsor plays an important role of owner, project manager manages the implementations of projects, project team is made by putting the employees together, who are responsible for undertaking tasks related to project, tasks are allocated to them, and last of all, the suppliers, company management and customers, clients are the stakeholders. Project team and project manager require organisational skills, budgeting skills, planning skills, problem solving, influencing, and negotiation, leading along with human resources and team building (Managementhelp.org, 2015). There is a life cycle in Project management which starts by doing planning followed by taking initiative, making plans, doing implementation, monitor and lastly close. Taking Initiative in project management stands the meaning of giving an explanation on aim, scope, purpose, deliverables of project in focus, scaling the duration of project, budget, which the organisation is able to provide for the project in concern, the authority level, people who are needed to be involved to make sure that the team can work effectively and progress checking of project time to time. Goals of a project are important facts to keep in focus, as this can state the actual output need to be achieved by the organisation. May be this is to improve or increase organisational profits, so that market share can come for the organisation in a large amount, to provide customer services properly, increment of efficiency, employee training improvement and to reduce carbon emissions. After achieving the goals, objec tives are achieved as outcome. Performance indicators are used to monitor progress of project .As a parameter every project is having location, money, time, and authority along with scope. Working right members in a team is very important before starting a project. As an effective there should be Making of better decisions, solving other issues and problems, resources should be used as in better way and being flexible in work. Identification of all external and internal stakeholders which are having interest in project in concern, will be those whom the project can affect, will be either positively or negatively influencing the project and sponsoring the project (Managementhelp.org, 2015). Project planning helps project manager in identification of what is needed to be done, who are needed for the involvement, the finalisation date of the project and needed funds which is going to be used. Without a proper explanation and not having good planning may lead the desired project objectives and goals not to meet. As an important part, sub parts plays an important role by making diagram on work breakdown structure, communications plan, Gantt chart along with contingency plan is included in plan of risk management. by bringing whole project together, project plan in detail covers all aspects. This is a nice way to assign resources, task, responsibilities, controlling and monitoring of the project by work breakdown structure which helps to give precise description and make the scope also in a organised, also an overview is given of a list of deliverables which are broken down to ensure not being repeated or missed. Once the team members are allocated as per the task, project m anagers should make it sure that they have understood given responsibilities fully about what they have asked to deal and what the other team members are responsible to do. Gantt chart is used to schedule the task according to their duration. Gantt chart shows name and type of task, employee name, work ID Number, duration is shown by the start and finish of the task. By identifying the hazards and threats Risk management shows harm in the project, next determination of impact is done, what if it was to happen, evaluation of the risk and making acceptance, by the contingency plan risk reduction measure is undertaken due to it helps for the preparation on these risks and other useful strategies must be identified to manage the risks. The risks types may include still not limited to budget, date of delivery, inspections and WHS requirements, what the customers expectations and system requirements will be. The plan of risk management is a documentation, which should be made and presente d by project manager to decide whether the risk should be avoided or accepted, mitigation of risk or to transfer the risk. The communications plan includes initiation meeting from beginning of the project to the end, project initiation plan distribution, the actual project start is called as kick-off, team meetings, sponsor meetings, status reports, and those minutes taken at every meeting (Omafra.gov.on.ca, 2015). Implementation of the project refers to the execution of the project plan, instructing the other team members, checking the project at every stage and making reports out of it. The kick-off meeting is the first meeting, which happens between the project team, and the clients. It ensures all the members have understood the ground elements of the project, clearing all the doubts. The projects should be properly monitored and all the new elements that come out should reach all the team members immediately. Problems are arise during the project, the project leaders must always evaluate the alternatives and be ready to implement whenever needed. A very helpful and corrective action should be implemented in organisations to resolve issues and problems such as, poor quality, customer complaints and an internal audit. Internal audit justifies customer satisfaction, escalated and resolved. Changes are a part of organisational, but the changes should be disseminated to all the members. Project status reports are given to all the stakeholders on a regular basis. Workplace coaching methods and techniques are used by the manager to maintain or improve each of the team members work performance (Planning, 2015). It is necessary to monitor the project so that the objectives are met and check whether the project is progressing or not. If the requirements of the project are not met and the project is not ready to give the decided results, then necessary action are recommended to be taken. The things that need to be monitored regularly in the project are costs, time, risks, communications and issues that may arise. The project manager can keep track of the progress at the assignment level, task level time, period progression or as total project. Without monitoring the project, it is impossible to decide whether the project is doing good or not. Milestones are the projects biggest deliverables such as completion of the analysis, design, documentation finalised and the system test plans. The key performance indicator needs to document properly; it is of much use for many further projects. Status reports tells about the present situation of the project and what is suppose to happen in the project n ext on and the issues that are being worked on. The status report is given to the stakeholders to give an overview of the projects progress and all current activities and tasks (Small Business - Chron.com, 2015). Closing the project claims the finishing of a project. This is the last stage of the project life cycle. The project report is a summary of the project delivered and any changes that has been made in the costs, scope, schedule or quality. At the end of the project the team is rewarded, the lessons learned are reviewed, issues that occurred and their solutions, release of project resources and a formal notification given to the higher management. The post implementation report is made at the end of the project. This shows the project sign-off, the lesson that were learned, management of the customers expectations, quality and cost management, skills of the team members and the project organisation structure. A final meeting is held to discuss the projects and the new points that came out newly. The learned lessons are discussed so that when new projects come the team is prepared to face it (Uleth.ca, 2015). In conclusion, program management have more authority over all the projects and then the project managers work on individual projects to meet project goals and objectives. For the projects to meet these outcomes it must go through various phases of the project life cycle which include implementing the project, planning it out, executing, monitoring and closing. There is a lot to be planned before the project can kick-off. The risk management plans, contingency plans, work breakdown structure, Gantt chart and status reports. With proper planning and monitoring all project goals and objectives will progress to a satisfactory project closure (Thecommunityguide.org, 2015). References Chan, K. (2013, June 30). Project Vs Program Management. Retrieved January 20, 2015, from OneDesk: https://www.onedesk.com/2013/06/project-vs-program-management/ Developing Project Management Expertise. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from Australian Public Service Commission: https://www.apsc.gov.au/learn/training-calendar/foundation-skills/developing-project-management-expertise Hearst Newspapers, L. (2015). Advantages Matrix Organizational Structure. Retrieved January 19, 2015, from Chron Small Business: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-matrix-organizational-structure-286.html Hearst Newspapers, L. (2015). Small Business. Retrieved January 27, 2015, from Chron: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-project-based-nonproject-based-organizations-34050.html Inc., U. S. (2014). WorkBreakdown Structure. Retrieved January 21, 2015, from Tenrox: https://glossary.tenrox.com/Work-Breakdown-Structure.htm Project Management. (n.d.). Retrieved January 21, 2015, from Australian Space Research Institute: https://www.asri.org.au/projectsystem/projectmanagement Risk Assessment and Management. (2015). Retrieved January 19, 2015, from SGS : https://www.sgs.com.au/en-GB/Construction/Project-Management/Risk-Assessment-and-Management.aspx Risk Management Quality Improvement Handbook. (2013, July). Retrieved January 21, 2015, from The Australian Council of Healthcare Standards: https://www.achs.org.au/media/69305/risk_management_and_quality_improvement_handbook_july_2013.pdf Risk Management Strategies Guide. (2005, July). Retrieved January 19, 2015, from Engineers Australia: https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/sites/default/files/shado/Learned%20Groups/Professional%20Standards%20Scheme/Members%20Only%20Documents/rismgmt_strategies_guide.pdf University of Tasmania. (2014, December 3). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from Project Management Methodology: https://www.utas.edu.au/project-management-methodology/definitions BusinessDictionary.com, (2015). What is program? definition and meaning. [online] Available at: https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/program.html [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Collinsdictionary.com, (2015). Definition of programme planning  | Collins English Dictionary. [online] Available at: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/programme-planning [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Det.nsw.edu.au, (2015). Curriculum planning and programming, assessing and reporting to parents K-12. [online] Available at: https://www.det.nsw.edu.au/policies/curriculum/schools/curric_plan/PD20050290.shtml [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Dfpni.gov.uk, (2015). Monitoring, Reporting Control | Planning | Project Management | Welcome | D F P (N I). [online] Available at: https://www.dfpni.gov.uk/project_planning_mrc [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Education Portal, (2015). What Is Process Planning in Management? - Steps, Principles Quiz | Education Portal. [online] Available at: https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-process-planning-in-management-steps-principles-quiz.html [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Extension.iastate.edu, (2015). Program Planning and Reporting. [online] Available at: https://www.extension.iastate.edu/eog/reporting/ [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Gcis.gov.za, (2015). Strategic Planning and Programme Management | Department of Communications. [online] Available at: https://www.gcis.gov.za/content/about-us/chief-directorates/project-man-office [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Government of Alberta, A. (2015). Program Planning For Organizations. [online] Www1.agric.gov.ab.ca. Available at: https://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex1329 [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Ipa.faa.gov, (2015). Finalize Strategy for Implementation and Life Cycle Support NI. [online] Available at: https://www.ipa.faa.gov/Tasks.cfm?PageName=Finalize+Strategy+for+Implementation+and+Life+Cycle+Support+NI [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Literacy.kent.edu, (2015). Overview of Non-Profit Program Planning. [online] Available at: https://literacy.kent.edu/Oasis/grants/overviewprogplan.html [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Managementhelp.org, (2015). Basic Guidelines for Program Planning and Management (in for-profit organizations). [online] Available at: https://managementhelp.org/programmanagement/business-programs.htm [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Managementhelp.org, (2015). Program Planning and Management (Business and Nonprofit). [online] Available at: https://managementhelp.org/programmanagement/ [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Omafra.gov.on.ca, (2015). Program Planning for Organizations. [online] Available at: https://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/rural/facts/96-007.htm [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Planning, E. (2015). Evaluation and Program Planning. [online] Elsevier. Available at: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/evaluation-and-program-planning/ [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Small Business - Chron.com, (2015). The Importance of Planning in an Organization. [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-planning-organization-1137.html [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Thecommunityguide.org, (2015). The Community Guide - Ways to Use the Guide - Program Planning Resource. [online] Available at: https://www.thecommunityguide.org/uses/program_planning.html [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Uleth.ca, (2015). Program Planning Guides | Registrar's Office and Student Services. [online] Available at: https://www.uleth.ca/ross/ppgs [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015].

The consultants duty

As a primary consultant, of the company one should stay and see the recommendations of the project improvement plan at end. The consultant’s duty is to ensure that the proposals he is making for the company are good and can help the company improve their projects.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The consultant’s duty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He or she has to be there to oversee the implementation of the proposals and then weigh the outcomes to see if they are the ones he was expecting. In this case, therefore, the primary consultant has to stay in the company until the proposals he has are implemented and the outcomes of the proposals evaluated. The consultant will have to change his relationship with the team he or she is working with, and develop a collaborative relationship where the team members do not rely on him to do everything. As the consultant, I have to act as the team leader and treat the others in the team as associates. They have to contribute to the project by sharing ideas and making recommendations, ( Garner, 2004). The consultant should recommend the systems thinking project as a change program in the company in order to improve their design and development projects. The system thinking is necessary in inter-relating the different parts of the organization to work as a unit. The system will help the organization to interrelate with each other especially the tram the consultant is working with and the president of the company. The system will also help the company work together as a group and help them have common goals and objectives. The consultant can do this by advising the team to utilize communication and come together to create a common vision and objectives. The organization development can provide a more accurate solution to an internal primary consultant than an external primary consultant can. The reason for this is that the organization dev elopment acting as, a primary consultant is aware of the root problems of the company and how best to handle colleagues, (Tonge, 1986). His work will be more efficient and effective because he can design a proposal that is more realistic than that of an external consultant. This is because he knows the strength and weaknesses of his team than the external consultant does and knows how to control them. The OD partners with the team and provides a plan to initiate learning and change in the daily operations of the company. To make the relationship between me and the other team members independent, I will have to change the rules and procedures we use when designing the proposal. To do this, I will have to concentrate on the job and stop using casual language when we are doing the job than we were doing before.Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This will change the perspective that the tea m members have of me. The other thing is to be strict with them and delegate duties to them. Delegating duties will make them responsible as they have to submit their work at a given time. After implementing the changes, I will wait and see whether they will still be casual with me and whether they are doing the different tasks I gave them, (Gray, 2004). Consulting groups should work in any project that help the client improve the management of their company. The job they take should be related to their specialization. The amount of pay should be directly proportional to the work they are doing. This depends on the kind of work they are doing and the time they spend in the organization. References Garner, R. (2004). The service consultant: working in an automotive facility. Chicago: Cengage Learning. Gray, D.(2004). Start and Run a Profitable Consulting Business. California: Kogan Page Publishers. Tonge, R. (1986). How To Become A Successful Consultant In Your Own. Carolina: Gull Pu blishing. This essay on The consultant’s duty was written and submitted by user Raymond S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Chris Paul From CoSchedule

Customer Experience Is The New Brand W/ Chris Paul From How often do you think about customer experience? Marketers put tons of time and energy into creating a brand to communicate a value proposition that makes people feel a certain way about their company. But good marketers know that it’s not about brand, but brand perception developed through conversations and interactions with customers. Today, we’re talking to Chris Paul, head of customer experience at . He describes how different departments and employees at a company can work together to make sure they are on the same page when it comes to the company’s brand and adding value to customer experience. Learn about your brand from both customers and co-workers All products, services, and solutions evolve over time; so do customers’ needs and demands Consider product market fit and then pivot and make changes when necessary Dawn of a new era where customers are not afraid to tell you what they think Know customers’ experiences and expectations to create a  positive experience Help customers grow and be successful by orchestrating value and addressing their pain points/problems How to identify existing and future stakeholders Offer customers on-demand support via various channels, including social media Delegate and streamline support requests to effectively respond to customers Improve customer experience by aligning and collaborating with departments and teams, don’t silo them Links: Write a review on iTunes and send a screenshot of it to receive a cool swag bag! If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes: â€Å"Product market fit will always, always change.† Chris Paul â€Å"People don’t trust brands anymore. They trust their peers or customers or reviews.† Eric Piela â€Å"What’s the experience the customer is expecting?† Chris Paul The customer is dictating the channel theyd like to communicate with and so were absolutely fine by that. Chris Paul

How Economists Use Total Factor Productivity

How Economists Use Total Factor Productivity Conceptually, total factor productivity refers to how efficiently and intensely inputs are used in the production process.  Total factor productivity (TFP) is sometimes referred to as multi-factor productivity, and, under certain assumptions, can be thought of as a measure of level of technology or knowledge. Formula for TFP Given the macro model: Yt ZtF(Kt,Lt), Total Factor Productivity (TFP) is defined to be Yt/F(Kt,Lt) Likewise, given Yt ZtF(Kt,Lt,Et,Mt), TFP is Yt/F(Kt,Lt,Et,Mt) The Solow residual is a measure of TFP. TFP presumably changes over time. There is disagreement in the literature over the question of whether the Solow residual measures technology shocks. Efforts to change the inputs, like Kt, to adjust for utilization rate and so forth, have the effect of changing the Solow residual and thus the measure of TFP. But the idea of TFP is well defined for each model of this kind. TFP is not necessarily a measure of technology since the TFP could be a function of other things like military spending, or monetary shocks, or the political party in power. Growth in total-factor productivity (TFP) represents output growth not accounted for by the growth in inputs. - Hornstein and Krusell (1996). Effects on TFP Disease, crime, and computer viruses have small negative effects on TFP using almost any measure of K and L, although with absolutely perfect measures of K and L they might disappear. Reason: crime, disease, and computer viruses make people AT WORK less productive.

Thomas Cook and the modern tourism industry. The Evolution of Essay

Thomas Cook and the modern tourism industry. The Evolution of International Tourism - Essay Example The specific industry has appeared rather early, around the 15th century; however, it was only in the 19th century that the first schemes of modern tourism appeared. Thomas Cook has been an entrepreneur who highly influenced modern tourism. The perceptions of the above entrepreneur on tourism had led to the transformation of the industry and the establishment of advanced forms of tourism, which affected not only the British but also the global economy. The impact of Thomas Cook on modern tourism is reviewed in this paper. Emphasis is given on the contributions of Thomas Cook that mostly affected the tourism industry; reference is made both in the short and the long-term effects of the intervention of Thomas Cook in the tourism industry. It is made clear that the role of Thomas Cook in the development of modern tourism has been decisive. However, the current form of modern tourism is the result of the rapid development of technology worldwide, which allowed the improvement of infrastr ucture for the needs of the tourism industry and the increase of destinations. Because of Thomas Cook the tourism industry was made accessible to people of all economic and social characteristics, a fact which is considered as the key contribution of Thomas Cook in the specific industry, along perhaps with the packaging tours, a scheme first introduced by Thomas Cook (Sayre and King 2009). In other words, Thomas Cook set the basis for modern tourism; the industry’s development through the decades has been strongly based on economic and technological development as promoted in countries worldwide. 2. Thomas Cook and the modern tourism industry 2.1. Origins and characteristics of the modern tourism industry The first forms of tourism can be identified in Britain of 15th century. In the 16th century also, the mansions used across England ‘became cultural centres’ (Page and Connell 2006, p.28). It was during the above periods that the origins of tourism can be identi fied. The ‘visiting friends and relatives scheme’ (Page and Connell 2006, p.28) was considered as the initial form of tourism in Britain. In the 17th century, the ‘polite tourism’ (Page and Connell 2006, p.28) was highly developed. In the context of this type of tourism, visits were made to important members of the society (Page and Connell 2006). The health tourism, i.e. the visit to areas that would benefit the health, also appeared in the 17th century, and has been further developed up today (Page and Connell 2006). In the centuries that followed, the characteristics of tourism were changed. Instead of a pleasure enjoyed by only the rich, tourism became an activity for the masses; the mass tourism, which was first developed by Thomas Cook, as, explained below. The most common view regarding the development of modern tourism is included in the study of Best (2010). In accordance with the above researcher, the transformation of travel to modern tourism too k place in 1841 through the ‘railway journey from Leicester to Loughborough in the context of a Temperance meeting’ (Best 2010, p.139). Thomas Cook arranged the above meeting considering that it would be a good chance for families to visit a place with a dry climate, like Loughborough. The relationship between modern tourism and the above event is highly emphasized in the literature, showing the contribution of Thomas Cook in the development of travel as a leisure activity. The transformation of tourism through the centuries reveals the following fact: tourism has passed a phase of

Ethical Issues in Outsourcing and Off-shoring of Jobs in the Essay

Ethical Issues in Outsourcing and Off-shoring of Jobs in the Telecommunication Industry - Essay Example cation industry, a majority of global firms tend to target economically backward or developing countries which enable them to reduce the overall operational cost by availing requisite resources at a much cheaper cost. In this regard, the process of offshoring business operations also facilitates the organizations to obtain resources, especially the manpower, in a lower cost as compared to the economically developed countries. Due to the fiercely growing competition in the global telecommunication industry, organizations often tend to practice outsourcing and off-shoring of their business operations from and to the other under developed or developing countries. In the present day context, it has been apparently observed that the global marketers seek to relocate their business operations in order to attain greater convenience in terms of paying lower wage which can also facilitate the organization to fulfill the expectations of its potential stakeholders in a cost effective and resour ceful way. With regard to the present business strategy in the telecommunication industry, it can be observed that a trend of expansion is highly practiced by the organizations with the aim of accomplishing considerable economic growth and strengthening their global presence in the competitive market scenario (Jaruzelski, Katz & Ribeiro, 2004). While discussing about the current trend of outsourcing and off-shoring in the telecommunication industry, it can be observed as emerging and widely accepted strategies by the modern organizations. This continuous emergence of outsourcing and off-shoring strategies within the global telecommunication industry has been witnessed to be influenced by. For instance, the lower penetration rate of the services in the telecommunication industry is one of... This report makes a conclusion that in accordance with the modern business competitiveness, it has been witnessed that the practice of outsourcing and off-shoring of jobs considerably provides adequate facilities to the telecommunication firms. For instance, it rewards the benefit of reducing operational costs to the organizations by acquiring resources, especially in terms of the potential labor of the firm. Moreover, the trend can also facilitate the telecommunication firms to reduce possible constraints relating to the legal aspects, working regulations as well as social responsibility related guidelines by taking the virtues of globalization. In addition, the outsourcing and off-shoring of jobs in the telecommunication industry can also enable the firms to improve the standard and quality of its services through integrating skilled employees at a lower cost. However, the trend of outsourcing and off-shoring can also create significant ethical issues which may affect the image as well as reputation of the firm. This paper stresses that the nature of outsourcing and off-shoring significantly focuses on replacing workforce of the organization with newly appointing workers from another culture and regional background which can be stated as the major concerning factor which might be termed as a major causing factor for the diminishing financial benefits of the existing employees. Moreover, overlooking prior communication process regarding outsourcing and off-shoring might also be treated as unethical in nature that hinders the career prospects the employees. It is worth mentioning in this context that hindrances in terms of employee dissatisfaction, management complexities and cultural conflicts are few of the most apparent ethical issues witnessed by telecommunication organizations when implementing off-shoring and outsourcing initiatives.

Cezannes Apple Notes and Quotes Essay Example for Free

Cezannes Apple Notes and Quotes Essay Schapiro’s psychoanalytic approach, that is, his search for the underlying meaning and relevance to the painting, * Thesis: While Schapiro’s argument shows a well-considered analysis of the artist’s life as a source of interpretation of Cezanne’s work, much of it is based on suggestion and fantasy. As in all historical interpretation, Cezanne’s work should be viewed within the context of the artist’s historical and biographical framework, but with a formalist analysis of the works that enables the viewer to interpreted not only their personal value, but their intended communication. riticism of Cezannes art cannot and, I believe, should not be limited by critical schools of thought. Also, though perhaps it has been the nature of critics to make vastly differentiating interpretations of Cezanne’s work, both forms of analysis add to the richness of the dialogue that can expand one’s preconceived notions of the work and widen the scope of understanding and perspective. Contrary to views of critics such as Roger Fry whose formalist analysis deduces Cezanne’s works as only a problem of form and color, Schapiro seeks more symbolist meaning within the subject matter chosen by the artist. * Schapiro argues that the objects placed within the still-life display â€Å"a game of an introverted personality who has found for his art of representation an objective sphere in which he feels self-sufficient, masterful, free from disturbing other spheres. Schapiro believes that fruit is never the theme, rather, they are a symbol of his emotion and personal concerns. * Schapiro makes the case against a purely formal interpretation: â€Å"It might be supposed that in still-life painting the meaning of the work is merely the sum of the denotation of the separate parts, yet there may be connotations and a comprehensive quality arising from the combined objects and made more visible and moving through the artistic conception. (i. e. black clock 1870, still w. compotier 79-82, blue vase 83-85, still w. cupid 95, or pples and oranges 95) There is in still like a unity of things like the unity of a scene of action, one must recognize the context of the objects in reality, their connection with a mood or interest or type of occasion. (24) * Cannot look at these as purely sexual, an element in a painting serves more than one function. Apples could be chosen means of emotional detachment and self-control, the fruit providing an objective field of colors, and sensuous richness lacking in his earlier passionate art and not fully realized in his later nude pa intings. Sexual displacement could be an unconscious factor. Certainly, Cezanne has a strange relationship with the human figure in his earlier works. In his early works, sexual gratification is directly displayed or implied. A modern Olympia (1873), Bacchanal, and his other pictures of the nudes show that he could not convey his feeling for women without anxiety. In his painting of the nude woman, where he does not produce an old work, he is most often constrained or violent. there is no middle ground of simple enjoyment. In Leda and the Swan, the writer argues that it is a striking instance of the defusing of a sexual theme through replacement of a figure by still-life objects. Cezannes fruit is not yet fully part of human life. Suspended between nature and use, it exists as if for contemplation alone. (25) In Cezannes painting of landscape, too, and sometimes of the human being, we recognize the same distinctive distance from action and desire. He seems to realize a philosophers concept of aesthetic perception as a pure will-less knowing. * The still-life objects bring to awareness the complexity of the phenomenal and the subtle interplay of perception and artifice in representation. (19) Still-life engages the painter in a st eady looking that discloses new and elusive aspects of the stable object. At first commonplace, it may becomes in the course of that contemplation a mystery, a source of metaphysical wonder. (20) Still-life calls out a response to an implied human presence. The represented objects, in their relation to us, acquire meanings from the desires they satisfy as well as from their analogies and relations to the human body They are a symbol or heraldry of a way of life. (23) * Yet, though the nature of the Apples seems to deserve far richer analysis of simple line and form, the use of apples as a restraint of Cezanne’s â€Å"morbid fantasies† (29), seems to evoke some fantastical properties of its own. * Apple as a displaced erotic interest? Apple has erotic sensesymbol of love, an attribute of Venus and a ritual object in marriage ceremonies. The apple is a natural analogue of ripe human beauty (6). Philostatus, Greek writer of 200 AD, describes a painting of Cupids gathering apples in a garden of Venus, which serve as the source of Titians painting of the cult of Venus, and indirectly Rubens picture of putti carrying a parland of the fruit. * Apples (1875) For Cezanne, the apple is equivalent to the human figure. He could project typical relations of human beings as well as qualities of the larger visible worldsolitude, contact, accord, conflict, serenity, abundance and luxuryand even states of elation and enjoyment. * In passing from the painting of fantasies to the discipline of observation, Cezanne made of colorthe principle of art allied to sensuality and pathos in romantic painting but underdeveloped in his own early pictures of passionthe beautiful substance of stable, solid object-forms and a deeply coherent structure of the composition. It is extremely doubtful that he could have reached his goal had he followed Delacroix in his choice of subjects. But in the self-chastening process, the painting of still-lifeas latent symbol and intimate tangible realitywas, perhaps more than his other themes, a bridge between his earlier and his later art. (33)

SING SING SING Essay -- Essays Papers

SING SING SING I used to always go over to my grandparent’s house and watch my grandfather go crazy over this â€Å"Jazz† music. He explained to me that it wasn’t Jazz unless it swung like the greats. I listened to a song â€Å"Sing Sing Sing† the other day from one of my Jazz collections that my grandpa gave to me and realized that their was so much energy and pizzazz in this music. He explained to me that it was all put together by a guy named Benny, and I understood why. Benny Goodman, born Benjamin David in 1909, one of twelve children, grew up in a Chicago ghetto with his family, who fled Russian anti-Semitism. Encouraged by his father, an immigrant tailor, to learn a musical instrument, Goodman took up the clarinet at a young age. From the start, he displayed an exceptional talent. Before he was in his teens, he had begun performing in public. He received his first true clarinet and musical training from a local synagogue, then continued practice through Hull House, a social-service agency for the under privileged children of the Chicago. The most important of his teachers, at the school, was Franz Schoeppe, a classical instructor from the Chicago Musical College who ignored jazz and stressed in his students the discipline and respect for classical music. After his father died, fourteen-year-old Benny helped support his family by playing at a Chicago neighborhood dance hall and working locally for two years. In 1925, Gil Rodin, who was then with the band led by Ben Pollack, heard him. Goodman was hired by Pollack, then working in California, and the following year made a triumphal return to Chicago as featured soloist with the band. Goodman remained with Pollack until 1929, when he became a much in-demand session musician in New York. When the band was between jobs, Goodman jammed with members of the Austin High Gang who introduced him to the New Orleans Rhythm Kings and the Dixieland clarinet style of Leon Rappolo. After his 17th birthday Benny made his first recording with Pollack's band with the tune, "He's the Last Word." Benny also played in the bands of leaders such as Red Nichols (from 1929 to 1931), Isham Jones, and Ted Lewis. During the early 30s Goodman played in bands led by Red Nichols, Ted Lewis, Sam Lanin and others. In 1934, Goodman led a dance band that performed regularly on the national radio show "Let'... ...ible, but included among others, Lionel Hampton, Harry James, Georgie Auld, Ziggy Ellman, Charlie Christian, Red Norvo, Fletcher Henderson, Gene Krupa, Teddy Wilson, George Wettling, Pee Wee Irwin, Miff Mole, Roy Eldridge, Stan Getz, and Cootie Williams. "The Benny Goodman Story," a film made in 1955, depicted Benny Goodman's life, and Benny recorded the sound track for it. In the 1950s to the 1970s he made several overseas trips and played at selected engagements with a small band. One such trip was to Russia in 1962. In January 1978 he returned to Carnegie Hall to do a Concert. The tickets all sold out the first day. His last studio recordings were made in January 1986. References Collier, J. Benny Goodman and the Swing Era. New York: West Publishing Company, 1989 Connor, R. and Hicks, W. B. G. on the Record: A Bio-Discography of Benny Goodman. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 1969 Dance, S. The World of Swing. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979. Klauber, B. The World of Gene Krupa. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1991. Schuller, G. The Swing Era. New York: McGraw Hill, 1989. Stewart, R. Jazz Masters of the '30s. New York: W.W. Norton, 1972.

Kevin Phillips criticizes the Reagan administration

Kevin Phillips criticizes the Reagan administration for grossly redistributing wealth from the poor to the rich. He refers to this phenomenon as the â€Å"upward redistribution of wealth†. He feels that the country’s current economic climate continues to give an unfair advantage to the rich, by means of tax-code restructuring and deregulation of private enterprises. Phillips maintains that the tax burden on rich people has to be considerably increased and tax benefits for corporation has to be cut down to facilitate fair distribution of wealth.Phillips draws up on statistical data to reiterate his views on economic inequality; one percent of Americans belonging to the rich elite class own more than 40 percent of the nation’s total wealth, according to a 1997 study. Such striking diversity in wealth distribution was witnessed before only during the Great Depression of late 1920s. Citizens from middle income group have experienced a meager increase of 2.8 percent i n stock market during the 90s, while being responsible for 38.7 percent of the rise in debt. A majority of people in this group are religious and conservative voters. According to the Wall Street Journal, 90 percent of private stocks are owned by the affluent 10 percent. This trend has resulted in widening of the economic divide and slow degradation of the middle class in America.Middle-class Americans becoming wealthier in the 1980s was primarily due to a surge in the economy, and certainly not due to the Government’s redistribution of existing wealth (National Review). The eighties also marked a period of decent employment opportunities of the poor and minority groups. During the 80s, a CEO’s salary was 93 times that of a normal worker, and this figure has leaped to 419 times in the 90s (Phillips 1991). The wage distribution patterns of private corporations clearly indicate the extent of income disparity and explain difference in lifestyles.The Cold War marked the pe riod between the post war 1940s and 1991, when the USA and USSR were competing in a virtual war comprising of arms race, creating espionage and forging strategic alliances. This also included fighting proxy wars such as Korean War, Vietnam War and Afghan War by using political pawns. America was spending a great sum of money to gain strategic advantage and political pride over the Soviet Union.The two-tier wage system is policy adopted by corporations, by which newly hired employees are paid much lesser wages compared to regular employees (Kebler). Although this results in a lot of cost saving to the employers, it leads also to discrimination discontent among one class of workers. This system also encourages companies to lay off senior employees through retirement schemes and buyouts, thereby leading to insecurity among senior workers. Bargain basement is also short term credit plan concept which was prevalent during this period wherein money comes at a lesser value, but helps to im prove the economy since the inflow of money is consistent.Trickle-down economics is characterized by tax benefits for rich citizens and corporations (Wikipedia). This policy is justified by the assumption that business will use tax savings to further contribute to economic growth. Reagan's economic policy was aligned towards trickle-down economics and also vouched for deregulation. It also concentrated on cut down on government spending, so as to control the money supply and bring down inflation. Trickle-down economics, also know as Reaganomics, led to problems such as tax evasions for the government. Kevin Phillips suggests that these policies did more harm rather than good to the US economy.Reference:Kebler, Harry. Unions Accepting a Two-Tier Pay System are Giving a Major Concession to Bosses. Retrieved 14 December, 2007, Phillips, Kevin. (1991). The politics of the rich and poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath. Harpercollins.National Review. (1991). Th e Eighties Economy. Retrieved 14 December, 2007,Rast, Ben. Book Review: The Politics Of Rich And Poor. Retrieved 14 December, 2007,  Wikipedia. Kevin Phillips. Retrieved 14 December, 2007,Wikipedia. Trickle Down Economics. Retrieved 14 December, 2007,

Assessors Award: the Principles and Requirements of Assessment

Assessor Award Unit 1 Name. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Assessor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Assessor Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date of Professional Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date Completed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Verifier†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Verifier Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Date of Verification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. UNDERSTANDING THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF ASSESSMENT 1 – Understand the principles and requirements of assessment 1. 1 & 1. 3 Explain the functions of assessment and your responsibilities as an assessor in the learning and development of your learners. (Include how you identify individual learner needs, how you record achievements and set targets, how you monitor and review your learner development, how you complete formative and summative assessments, how you contribute to quality assurance and best practice) . 2 List and define the key concepts and principles of assessment. (recognition of prior learning, special assessment requirements, skills, knowledge and understanding in relation to the roles of learners, trainers, assessors, organisations/employers during induction and the assessment process) 1. 4 & 8. 1 List the regulations and requirements that relate to your practices in your programme area. (Regulatory bodies and Statute Law) Explain the legal issues, policies and procedures relevant to assessment. 2 – Understand the different types of assessment method . 1 List the performance-based and knowledge-based assessment methods you will use with your learners (individually or in a group) and compare the strengths and limitations for each method. Assessment Method Strengths Limitations 3 – Understand how to plan assessment 3. 1 – What are the key factors you have to consider when planning assessments with your l earners? (Assessment methods planned, recognition of prior learning, addressing regulations, learner/employer needs and timing) 3. 2 & 3. 3 What is a â€Å"holistic approach† to assessment planning?How would you plan a â€Å"holistic approach† and explain the benefits. 3. 4 & 3. 5 Identify the risks that will have to be taken into account when planning assessments in your programme area. How can you minimise these when planning? Risks Actions to minimise 4 – Understand how to involve learners and others in the assessment process 4. 1 & 4. 3 Why is it important to involve learners and other people (peers, managers etc) when planning your assessments? How do you involve others and how can they be used effectively to promote learner involvement? 4. & 4. 3 Why is it important to involve learners and other people (peers, managers etc) when planning your assessments? How do you involve others? 4. 2 List the types of information you provide to your learners. 4. 4 Expla in how you can adapt your assessment planning to meet individual learner needs. 5. 1 – Understand how to make assessment decisions 5. 1 How do you judge whether the evidence is sufficient, authentic and current? 5. 2 When assessing the evidence how do you ensure that your decisions meet specified criteria and are valid, reliable and fair? – Understand quality assurance of the assessment process 6. 1 & 6. 2 Summarise the quality assurance and standardisation procedures in your programme area and why these are important. Procedures Why Important 6. 3 What procedures do you have to follow if there is a dispute in the assessment process? 7 – Understand how to manage information relating to assessment 7. 1 Why is it important that you follow your procedures for the management of information used in the assessment process? Summarise the procedures. 7. Explain the importance in the assessment process of feedback and questioning with your learner. 8 – Understand the legal and good practice requirements in relation to assessment: 8. 1 Explain the legal issues in relation to the following: Confidentiality Health, safety and welfare 8. 2 How does technology contribute to your assessments? 8. 3 Evaluate the requirements for Equality and diversity in relation to assessment 8. 4 Explain why you think it is important to reflect on your practice and development. How is this done in your programme area?

Criminal Profile of Serial Killer Joel Rifkin

Criminal Profile of Serial Killer Joel Rifkin For five years, Joel Rifkin avoided capture as he used the city streets across Long Island, New Jersey, and New York City as his hunting ground, but once he was caught, it took little time for police to get him to confess to the murders of 17 women. Joel Rifkins Early Years Joel Rifkin was born on January 20, 1959, and adopted three weeks later by Ben and Jeanne Rifkin. Ben worked as a structural engineer and Jeanne was a homemaker who enjoyed gardening. The family lived in New City, a hamlet of Clarkstown, New York. When Joel was three, the Rifkins adopted their second child, a baby girl who they named Jan. After a few more moves the family settled into  in East Meadow, Long Island, New York. East Meadow was then much like it is today: a community of mostly middle to upper-income families who take pride in their homes and  community. The Rifkins blended quickly into the area and became involved in the local school boards and in 1974, Ben earned a seat for life on the  Board of Trustees at one of the towns main landmarks, The East Meadow Public Library. The Adolescent Years As a child, there was nothing particularly remarkable about Joel Rifkin. He was a  nice child but terribly shy and had a difficult time making friends. Academically he struggled and from the start, Joel felt that he was a disappointment to his father who was very intelligent and actively involved on the school board. Despite his IQ of 128, he received low grades as a result of undiagnosed dyslexia. Also, unlike his father who excelled in sports, Joel proved to be uncoordinated and accident-prone. As Joel entered middle school, making friends did not come easy. He had grown into a clumsy adolescent that appeared uncomfortable in his own skin. He naturally stood hunched over, which, along with his unusually long face and prescription glasses, led to constant teasing and bullying from his schoolmates. He became the kid that even the nerdy kids teased. High School In high school, things got worse for Joel. He was nicknamed Turtle due to his appearance and his slow, unsteady gait. This lead to more bullying, but Rifkin was never confrontational and seemed to take it all in stride, or so it appeared. But as each school year passed, he distanced himself further from his peers and chose instead to spend much of his time alone in his bedroom.   Considered to be an annoying introvert, there were no attempts made from any friends to coax him out of the  house unless it was to pull a mean prank, including hitting him with eggs, pulling down his pants with girls around to see, or submerging his head into a school toilet.   The abuse took its toll and Joel began avoiding other students by showing up late to classes and being the last to leave school. He spent much of his time isolated and alone in his bedroom. There, he began to entertain himself with violent sexual fantasies that had been brewing inside of him for years. Rejection Rifkin enjoyed photography and with the new camera given to him by his parents, he decided to join the yearbook committee. One of his jobs was to submit pictures of the graduating students and activities going on at school. However, like so many of Rifkins attempts to find acceptance among his peers, this idea also failed after his camera was stolen immediately after joining the group. Joel decided to stay on anyway and spent a lot of his spare time working on meeting the yearbook deadlines. When the yearbook was completed, the group held a wrap-up party, but Joel was not invited. He was devastated. Angered and embarrassed, Joel once again retreated to his bedroom and  submerged himself into true crime books about serial killers. He became fixated on the Alfred Hitchcock movie, Frenzy, which he found sexually stimulating, especially the scenes that showed women being strangled. By now his fantasies were always made with a repetitive theme of rape, sadism, and murder, as he incorporated the murders he saw on screen or read in books  into his own fantasy world. College Rifkin was looking forward to college. It meant a new start and new friends, but typically, his expectations turned out to be far greater than reality. He enrolled at Nassau Community College on Long Island and commuted to his classes with a car that was a gift from his parents. But not living in student housing or off-campus with other students had its drawbacks in that it made him even more of an outsider than he already felt. Again, he was facing a  friendless environment and he became miserable and lonely. Trolling for Prostitutes Rifkin began cruising the city streets around areas where prostitutes were known to hang out. Then the shy, slouched-over introvert who found it difficult to make eye contact with girls at school, somehow found the courage to pick up a prostitute and pay her for sex. From that point on, Rifkin lived in two worlds - the one that his parents knew about and the one filled with sex and prostitutes and  consumed his every thought. The prostitutes became a live extension of Rifkins fantasies that had been festering in his mind for years. They also became an inexhaustible addiction that resulted in missed classes, missed work, and cost him whatever money he had in his pocket. For the first time in his life, he had women around who seemed to like him which boosted his self-esteem. Rifkin ended up dropping out of college, then enrolling again at another college only to then drop out again. He was constantly moving out, then back again with his parents each time he flunked out of school. This frustrated his father and he and Joel would often get into big shouting matches about his lack of commitment towards getting a college education. The Death of Ben Rifkin In 1986, Ben Rifkin was diagnosed with cancer and he committed suicide the following year. Joel gave a touching  eulogy, describing the love that his father had given to him throughout his life. In truth, Joel Rifkin felt like a miserable failure who was a major disappointment and embarrassment to his father. But now with his father was gone, he was able to do what he wanted without the constant worry that his dark seedy lifestyle would be discovered. The First Kill After flunking out of his last attempt at college in the spring  of 1989, Rifkin spent all of his free time with prostitutes. His fantasies about murdering the women began to fester. In early March, his mother and sister left on vacation. Rifkin drove into New York City and picked up a prostitute and brought her back to his familys home. Throughout her stay, she slept, shot heroin, then slept more, which irritated Rifkin who had no interest in drugs. Then, without any provocation, he picked up a Howitzer artillery shell and struck her repeatedly on the head with it and then suffocated and strangled her to death. When he was certain that she was dead, he went to bed. After six hours of sleep, Rifkin awoke and went about the task of getting rid of the body. First, he removed her teeth and scraped her fingerprints off of her fingers so that she could not be identified. Then using an X-Acto knife, he managed to dismember the body into six parts which he distributed in different areas throughout Long Island, New York City, and New Jersey. Futile Promises The womans head was discovered inside a paint bucket on a New Jersey golf course, but because Rifkin had removed her teeth, her identity remained a mystery When Rifkin heard on the news about the head being found, he panicked. Terrified that he was about to get caught, he made a promise to himself that it was a one-time thing and that he would never kill again. (In 2013, the victim was identified through DNA as Heidi Balch.) Second Murder The promise not to kill again lasted about 16 months. In 1990, his mother and sister left again to go out of town. Rifkin seized the opportunity of having the house to himself and picked up a prostitute named Julia Blackbird and brought her home. After spending the night together, Rifkin drove to an ATM to get money to pay her and discovered he had a zero balance. He returned to the house and beat Blackbird with a table leg, and murdered her by strangling her to death. In the basement of his home, he dismembered the body and placed the different parts into buckets that he filled with concrete. He then drove into New York City and disposed of the buckets in the East River and the Brooklyn canal. Her remains were never found. The Body Count Climbs After killing the second woman, Rifkin did not make a vow to stop killing  but decided that dismembering the bodies was an unpleasant task that he needed to rethink. He was out of college again and living with his mother and working in lawn care. He tried to open a landscaping company and rented a storage unit for his equipment. He also used it to temporarily hide the bodies of his victims. In early 1991 his company failed and he was in debt. He managed to get a few part-time jobs, which he often lost because the jobs interfered with what he enjoyed most - strangling prostitutes. He also grew more confident about not getting caught. More Victims Beginning in July 1991, Rifkins murders began to come more frequently. Here is the list of his victims: Barbara Jacobs, age 31, killed July 14, 1991. Her body was found inside a plastic bag that had been placed into a cardboard box and put into the Hudson River.Mary Ellen DeLuca, age 22, killed on September 1, 1991, because she complained about having sex after Rifkin bought her crack cocaine.Yun Lee, age 31, killed on September 23, 1991. She was strangled to death and her body was put into the East River.Jane Doe #1, was killed in early December 1991. Rifkin strangled her during sex, put her body into a 55-gallon oil drum and dumped it into the East River.Lorraine Orvieto, age 28, was prostituting in Bayshore, Long Island when Rifkin picked her up and strangled her during sex. He disposed of her body by placing it into an oil drum and into Coney Island River where it was discovered months later.Mary Ann Holloman, 39, was killed on January 2, 1992. Her body was found the following July, stuffed inside an oil drum in Coney Island Creek.Iris Sanchez, age 25, killed on Mothers Day weekend , May 10, 1992. Rifkin put her body under an old mattress in an illegal dump area located near the JFK International Airport. Anna Lopez, age 33, and the mother of three children, was strangled to death on May 25, 1992. Rifkin disposed of her body along I-84 in Putnam County.Jane Doe #2 was murdered mid-winter 1991. On May 13, 1992, parts of her body were found inside an oil drum floating in Newton Creek in Brooklyn, New York.Violet ONeill, age 21, was killed in June 1992 at Rifkins mothers home. There he dismembered her in the bathtub, wrapped the body parts in plastic, and disposed of them in rivers and canals in New York City. Her torso was found floating in the Hudson River and days later other body parts were found inside of a suitcase.Mary Catherine Williams, age 31, was killed at Rifkins mothers home on October 2, 1992. Her remains were found in Yorktown, New York the following December.Jenny Soto, 23, was strangled to death on November 16, 1992. Her body was found the following day floating in Harlem River in New York City.Leah Evens, 28, and the mother of two children  was killed on February 27, 1993. Rifkin buried the corpse in the woods on Long Island. Her body was discovered three months later. Lauren Marquez, 28, was killed on April 2, 1993, and her body was left in the Pine Barrens in Suffolk County, New York, on Long Island.Tiffany Bresciani, 22, was Joel Rifkins final victim. On June 24, 1993, he strangled her and put her body in his mothers garage for three smoldering days before getting the opportunity to dispose of it. Rifkins Crime Is Discovered At around 3 a.m. Monday, June 28, 1993, Rifkin swabbed his nose with Noxzema so that he could tolerate the pungent odor coming from the corpse of Bresciani. He placed it in the bed of his pickup truck and got on Southern State highway headed south to Melvilles Republic Airport, which is where he planned to dispose of it. Also in the area were state troopers, Deborah Spaargaren and Sean Ruane, who noticed Rifkins truck did not have a license plate. They attempted to pull him over, but he ignored them and kept driving. The officers then used the siren and a loudspeaker, but still, Rifkin refused to pull over. Then, just as the officers requested backup, Rifkin tried to correct a missed turn and went straight into a utility light pole. Unhurt, Rifkin emerged from the truck and was promptly placed in handcuffs. Both officers quickly realized why the driver had not pulled over as the distinct odor of a decaying corpse permeated the air. Tiffanys body was found and while questioning Rifkin, he casually explained that she was a  prostitute that he had paid to have sex with and then things went bad and he killed her and that he was headed to the airport so that he could get rid of the body. He then asked the officers if he needed a lawyer. Rifkin was taken to police headquarters in Hempstead, New York, and after a short period of questioning by detectives, he began to reveal that the body they discovered was just the tip of the iceberg and offered up the number, 17. The Search for Rifkins Victims A search of his bedroom in his mothers home turned up a mountain of evidence against Rifkin including womens drivers licenses, womens underwear, jewelry, prescription drug bottles prescribed to women, purses and wallets, photographs of women, makeup, hair accessories, and womens clothing. Many of the items could be matched to victims of unsolved murders. There was also a large collection of books about serial killers and porn movies with themes centered on sadism. In the garage, they found three ounces of human blood in the wheelbarrow, tools coated in blood and a chainsaw that had blood and human flesh stuck in the blades. In the meantime, Joel Rifkin was writing a list for the investigators with the names and dates and locations of the bodies of 17 women he had murdered. His recollection was not perfect, but with his confession, the evidence, missing person reports and unidentified bodies that had turned up over the years, 15 of the 17 victims were identified. The Trial in Nassau County Rifkins mother hired an attorney to represent Joel, but he fired him and hired law partners Michael Soshnick and John Lawrence. Soshnick was a former Nassau County district attorney and had a reputation for being a top-notch criminal lawyer. His partner Lawrence had no experience in criminal law. Rifkin was arraigned in Nassau County for the murder of Tiffany Bresciani, to which he pleaded not guilty. During the suppression hearing which began November 1993, Soshnick tried unsuccessfully to get Rifkins confession and his admission to killing Tiffany Bresciani suppressed, based on the grounds that the state troopers lacked probable cause to search the truck. Two months into the hearing, Rifkin was offered a plea deal of 46 years to life in exchange for a guilty plea of 17 murders, but he turned it down, convinced that his lawyers could get him off by pleading insanity. Throughout the four-month hearing, Soshnick offended the judge by showing up to court late or not at all and often arriving unprepared. This irritated Judge Wexner and by March he pulled the plug on the hearing, announcing that he had seen enough evidence to reject the defense motions and he ordered the trial to begin in April. Infuriated by the news, Rifkin fired Soshnick, but kept Lawrence on, even though it would be his first criminal case. The trial began on April 11, 1994, and Rifkin pleaded not guilty by reason of temporary insanity. The jury disagreed and found him guilty of murder and reckless endangerment. He was sentenced to 25 years to life. The Sentence Rifkin was transferred to Suffolk County to stand trial for the murders of Evans and Marquez. The attempt to have his confession suppressed was again rejected. This time Rifkin pleaded guilty and received an additional two consecutive terms of 25 years to life. Similar scenarios were played out in Queens and in Brooklyn. By the time it was all over, Joel Rifkin, the most prolific serial killer in the history of New York, was found guilty of murdering nine women  and had received a total of 203 years in prison. He is currently housed at the Clinton Correctional Facility in Clinton County, New York.

Ancient Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro

Ancient Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro The Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro is what generations of besotted archaeologists have named a 10.8 centimeter (4.25 inch) tall copper-bronze statuette found in the ruins of Mohenjo Daro. That city is one of the most important sites of the Indus Civilization, or more accurately, the Harappan Civilization (2600-1900 BC) of Pakistan and northwestern India. The Dancing Girl figurine was sculpted using the lost wax (cire perdue) process, which involves making a mold and pouring molten metal into it. Made about 2500 BC, the statuette was found in the remains of a small house in the southwestern quarter of Mohenjo Daro by Indian archaeologist D. R. Sahni [1879-1939] during his 1926-1927 field season at the site. The Dancing Girl Figurine The figurine is a naturalistic free-standing sculpture of a nude woman, with small breasts, narrow hips, long legs and arms, and a short torso; her genitals are explicit. She wears a stack of 25 bangles on her left arm. She has very long legs and arms compared to her torso; her head is tilted slightly backward and her left leg is bent at the knee. On her right arm are four bangles, two at the wrist, two above the elbow; that arm is bent at the elbow, with her hand on her hip. She wears a necklace with three large pendants, and her hair is in a loose bun, twisted in a spiral fashion and pinned in place at the back of her head. Some scholars suggest that the Dancing Girl statuette is a portrait of a real woman. Individuality of the Dancing Girl Although there have been literally thousands of figurines recovered from Harappan sites, including over 2,500 at Harappa alone, the vast majority of figurines are terracotta, made from fired clay. Only a handful of Harappan figurines are carved from stone (such as the famous priest-king figure) or, like the dancing lady, of lost-wax copper bronze. Figurines are an elaborate class of representational artifact found in many ancient and modern human societies. Human and animal figurines can give insight into concepts of sex, gender, sexuality and other aspects of social identity. That insight is important for us today because many ancient societies left no decipherable written language. Although the Harappans had a written language, no modern scholar has been able to decipher the Indus Script to date. Metallurgy and the Indus Civilization A recent survey of the use of copper-based metals used in Indus civilization sites (Hoffman and Miller 2014) found that most of the classic Harappan aged objects made of copper-bronze are vessels (jars, pots, bowls, dishes, pans, scale pans) formed from sheet copper; tools (blades from sheet copper; chisels, pointed tools, axes and adzes) manufactured by casting; and ornaments (bangles, rings, beads, and decorative-headed pins) by casting. Hoffman and Miller found that copper mirrors, figurines, tablets, and tokens are relatively rare compared to these other artifact types. There are many more stone and ceramic tablets than those made of copper-based bronze. The Harappans made their bronze artifacts using a variety of blends, alloys of copper with tin and arsenic, and varying lesser amounts of zinc, lead, sulfur, iron, and nickel. Adding zinc to copper makes an object brass rather than bronze, and some of the earliest brasses on our planet were created by the Harappans. Researchers Park and Shinde (2014) suggest that the variety of blends used in different products was the result of fabrication requirements and the fact that pre-alloyed and pure copper was traded into the Harappan cities rather than produced there. The lost wax method used by Harappan metallurgists involved first carving the object out of wax, then covering it in wet clay. Once the clay was dried, holes were bored into the mold and the mold was heated, melting the wax. The empty mold was then filled with a melted mixture of copper and tin. After that cooled, the mold was broken, revealing the copper-bronze object. Sex and the Dancing Girl Most of the images of women from Harappan-period sites are from hand-modeled terracotta, and they are primarily curvaceous mother goddesses. Many of them have explicit sexual organs and navels, heavy breasts and broad hips; most wear a fan-shaped headdress. Male figurines appear later than the female ones, with early male motifs represented by male animals- bulls, elephants, unicorns- with explicit genitals. The dancing girl is unusual in that although her genitals are explicit she isnt particularly voluptuous- and she is not hand-modeled, she was created using a mold. American archaeologist Sharri Clark suggests that the process of making hand-modeled terracotta images was ritually or symbolically meaningful to the maker, that the manufacturing of the figurines was as important or perhaps more important than the figurine itself. It is possible, then, that the manufacturing technique chosen by the maker of the Dancing Girl had some specific meaning that we dont have access to. Possible African Origins The ethnicity of the woman depicted in the figure has been a somewhat controversial subject over the years since the figurine was discovered. Several scholars such as ECL During Casper have suggested that the lady looks African. Recent evidence for Bronze Age trade contact with Africa has been found at Chanhu-Dara, another Harappan Bronze Age site, in the form of pearl millet, which was domesticated in Africa about 5,000 years ago. There is also at least one burial of an African woman at Chanhu-Dara, and it is not impossible that the Dancing Girl was a portrait of a woman from Africa. However, the figurines hairdressing is a style worn by Indian women today and in the past, and her armful of bangles is similar to a style worn by contemporary Kutchi Rabari tribal women. British Archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler, one of many scholars besotted by the statuette, recognized her as a woman from the Baluchi region. Sources Clark SR. 2003. Representing the Indus Body: Sex, Gender, Sexuality, and the Anthropomorphic Terracotta Figurines from Harappa. Asian Perspectives 42(2):304-328. Clark SR. 2009. Material Matters: Representation and Materiality of the Harappan Body. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 16:231–261. Craddock PT. 2015. The metal casting traditions of South Asia: Continuity and innovation. Indian Journal of History of Science 50(1):55-82. During Caspers ECL. 1987. Was the dancing girl from Mohenjo-daro a Nubian? Annali, Instituto Oriental di Napoli 47(1):99-105. Hoffman BC, and Miller HM-L. 2014. Production and Consumption of Copper-Base Metals in the Indus Civilization. In: Roberts BW, and Thornton CP, editors. Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective: Methods and Syntheses. New York, NY: Springer New York. p 697-727. Kennedy KAR, and Possehl GL. 2012. Were There Commercial Communications between Prehistoric Harappans and African Populations? Advances in Anthropology 2(4):169-180. Park J-S, and Shinde V. 2014. Characterization and comparison of the copper-base metallurgy of the Harappan sites at Farmana in Haryana and Kuntasi in Gujarat, India. Journal of Archaeological Science 50:126-138. Possehl GL. 2002. The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Walnut Creek, California: Altamira Press. Sharma M, Gupta I, and Jha PN. 2016. From Caves to Miniatures: Portrayal of Woman in Early Indian Paintings. Chitrolekha International Magazine on Art and Design 6(1):22-42. Shinde V, and Willis RJ. 2014. A New Type of Inscribed Copper Plate from Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilisation. Ancient Asia 5(1):1-10. Sinopoli CM. 2006. Gender and archaeology in south and southwest Asia. In: Milledge Nelson S, editor. Handbook of Gender in Archaeology. Lanham, Maryland: Altamira Press. p 667-690. Srinivasan S. 2016. Metallurgy of zinc, high-tin bronze and gold in Indian antiquity: Methodological aspects. Indian Journal of History of Science 51(1):22-32.